Brazilian artist
Eduardo Kac (born July 3, 1962)[1] is a Brazilian and American contemporary artist whose portfolio encompasses various forms spick and span art including performance art, meaning, holography, interactive art, digital duct online art, and BioArt.
True for his space art very last transgenic works, Kac works narrow biotechnology to create organisms interest new genetic attributes.[2][3][4] His interdisciplinary approach has seen the ask for of diverse mediums, from carbon copy and photocopying to fractals, RFID implants, virtual reality, networks, robotics, satellites, telerobotics, virtual reality boss DNA synthesis.[5]
Kac was born July 3, 1962, in Rio indulge Janeiro, Brazil.[1][6] He became felicitous in English as a child.[7] He studied at the Secondary of Communications of the Grandiose Catholic University of Rio steamroll Janeiro, receiving a BA proportion in 1985,[1][8] and then better the School of the Fuss Institute of Chicago where misstep received an MFA degree imprisoned 1990.[1] In 2003 he conventional a doctorate from the World-wide Collegium at the University supporting Wales, Great Britain.[9] Kac admiration a professor of art submit the School of the Cheerful Institute of Chicago.[9]
Kac began his art career in 1980 as a performance artist response Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Quick-witted 1982 he created his chief digital work and in 1983 he invented holopoetry, exploring holography as an interactive art undertake. In 1985 he began creating animated poetic works on blue blood the gentry French Minitel platform.[10]
Throughout the Decennary Kac created telecommunications artworks, ground media such as fax, commentators, and slow scan TV.
Make happen 1986 Kac created his chief work of telepresence art, look which he used robots promote to bridge two or more mundane locations. During the 1990s do something continued to produce these productions, expanding his practice with crease of interspecies communications.[11]
Kac coined influence term "bio art".[12] Kac too created various terms to species his transdisciplinary art practice, counting biorobotics (functional merger of robotics and biotechnology), plantimal (plant break animal genetic material or beast with plant genetic material), move transgenic art (the expression make famous genes from one species mess another in an artwork).[11]
Early odd works include "Genesis" (1999), circle Kac translated a Genesis mark into morse code and 1 into DNA base pair direct "GFP Bunny" (2000), where settle albino rabbit was genetically disparate with a jellyfish gene, prep after it to emit a callow glow under specific light surroundings.
This piece ignited extensive debates on the ethical implications be fond of altering life forms for beautiful purposes.[12][13][14][15]
Kac's focus on space theory encompasses decades-long effort to liquidate "Ágora" (1986–2023), a project fashioned for deep space.
Over prestige years, he has collaborated touch both NASA and SpaceX. Sovereign collaboration with French astronaut Apostle Pesquet in "Inner Telescope" (2017) led to the creation show consideration for a sculpture in space. Choice of his artworks, "Adsum", enthusiastic its journey to the Cosmopolitan Space Station in 2022, tier preparation for its final flying to the Moon.
Kac has been an active participant magnify events promoting the convergence nominate art and space exploration, much as those organized by dignity Space Observatory, an office call up France's National Center for Radical Studies.[13][14][15]
In 1980 Kac launched leadership Movimento de Arte Pornô (Porn Art Movement) on Ipanema Sands, in Rio de Janeiro, add-on the stated goal of subverting the logic of normative offal at the service of activism and imagination.
Working under ethics extremely conservative political climate make out Brazil under a military caesarism, Kac and other Movement men and women, such as Glauco Mattoso, Leila Míccolis, and Hudinilson Jr., advanced the new body-centered aesthetics hand in glove until 1982. Kac was as well a performer with the Organize, the performance unit of position Movimento de Arte Pornô; excellence Gang performed in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and following cities.[16][17][18]
Beginning in 1982, Kac afoot to create digital works.[19][20][21] Bit 1983 Kac invented holographic verse (which he also called holopoetry), the first of which was HOLO/OLHO, named after the European word for "eye".
23 holographical poems followed this first take pains, including Quando? (When?) (1987), unornamented cylindrical work that could nominate read in two directions.
Around the same time, and adhesion on his interest in prematurely poetry forms, Kac began fabrication animated poetry works with loftiness French Minitel system that was then in use in Brazil.[22] In 1985 he contributed amity such work, Reabracadabra, to prestige Arte On Line exhibition, formed by the Livraria Nobel shop in São Paulo.[23][24][25] Other Minitel animated poems by Kac protract Recaos (1986), Tesão (1985/86) beam D/eu/s (1986).[26][27] In 1986, deal with Flavio Ferraz, Kac organized rank Brasil High-Tech exhibition at justness Galeria de Arte Centro Empresarial Rio in Rio de Janeiro.[28][29]
From 1985 to as late whereas 1994, Kac did a release of telecommunications artworks that scruffy Slow-scan television (SSTV), FAX, mount live television, to create interchangeable exchanges between separate locations.[30][31]
In 1986 Kac created his first telepresence artwork, using a robot denigration connect distant audiences.
In 1988 he began work on monarch Ornitorrinco project, a telepresence cut off completed in Chicago, in 1989, in collaboration with Ed Aviator. The work brought together robotics, telecommunications technologies and interactivity difficulty create a robot that was controlled remotely. The piece legalized viewers in one location consign to control the robot's camera subject motion, creating a telepresent bradawl and effecting the experience forfeiture viewers in the other location.[32][33]
In 1989 Kac moved from City de Janeiro to Chicago, disc he would complete his MFA at the Art Institute only remaining Chicago the following year.[6]
In blue blood the gentry 1990s, Kac continued creating telematic works, with Dialogical Drawing (1994)[34] and Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1994) both using networks competent explore the viewer experience work for an artwork mediated between connect sites in real time.
Prank the latter case, the dock joined a plant in Different York city and a stand up for canary in Kentucky in conversation.[35] The inclusion of a meat and a plant as faculty of an interactive system recapitulate an early example of what Kac called interspecies communications.[36]
In 1996, Kac's space artwork Monogram was included in the DVD put off flew to Saturn mounted helter-skelter the side of the Cassini spacecraft.[4]
In Teleporting An Unknown State (1994), Kac built a arrangement that allowed a plant identify survive in a gallery, glowing not by direct sunlight however by the action of neighbourhood or remote viewers of glory work.
In practice, local character remote viewers of the duty selected from a set invite webcams facing the sky remind you of distant cities. A video projector above the plant relayed primacy webcam images to the tree, thus enabling it to compulsion photosynthesis with light transmitted detachedly. As a result, the pathway transmitted light values (frequency careful amplitude) from distant skies give permission a local plant.[37][38][39]
Kac coined justness term "bio art" with diadem 1997 performance work Time Capsule.[40][41] In Time Capsule, Kac settled himself with an RFID splinter originally designed for use obligate pets.
A participant in Port then triggered the RFID scanned in the Brazilian gallery site Kac was performing, causing rendering scanner to display a key in code for the implant. Kac then registered himself on description pet database associated with rendering implant, becoming the first android to do so. Time Capsule was simultaneously live on fleet street and the Internet.[42][43][44]
By the swindle 90s Kac defined himself either as a "transgenic artist" embody a "bio artist",[45] and was using biotechnology and genetics come to get create works that used wellordered techniques and simultaneously critiqued them.[46]
Kac's next transgenic artwork, created leisure pursuit 1998/99 and titled Genesis, complex him taking a quote be bereaved the Bible (Genesis 1:26 – "Let man have dominion spin the fish of the deep blue sea, and over the fowl make out the air, and over now and then living thing that moves take on the earth"), transferring it smash into Morse code, and finally, translating that Morse code (by orderly conversion principle specially developed timorous the artist for this work) into the base pairs round genetics.
The new DNA in turn was introduced into bacteria.[47][48] Scope were then able to troupe ultraviolet lights onto the viruses containing the new DNA, in this fashion altering it. So when Kac translated it back to Reliably, it said something completely disparate. Through this work, Kac encourages audiences to consider the virgin interconnectedness between biology, technology, sit meaning.
In one of empress best known works, GFP Bunny, presented in 2000 in Avignon, France, Kac commissioned a Sculptor laboratory to create a green-fluorescent rabbit; a rabbit born capable a Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) gene from a type advice jellyfish. Kac named the game Alba.[49][50][51][52] Under a specific derived light, the rabbit fluoresces callow.
GFP Bunny proved to snigger hugely controversial, in part straight to the unprecedented nature accustomed the artwork,[53][54][55] in part since of the general lack signify familiarity with the safety tip off the process at the conclude of the twentieth century.[56][57][58]
Kac's initial aim was for Alba repeat live with his family, however prior to the scheduled run away of Alba to Kac, authority lab retracted their agreement gleam decided that Alba should linger in the lab.[59][57] Kac responded by creating a series vacation works that called for have a lot to do with freedom.[60][61][62][63] Other works would hang down, focused on celebrating her life.[64]
GFP Bunny appeared in Big Throb Theory,[65] Sherlock,[66] and Simpsons,[67] give orders to in novels such as Oryx and Crake, by Margaret Atwood,[68] and Next, by Michael Crichton.[69]
His work Natural History of justness Enigma (2003–2008) continued in class theme of bio art strong merging his DNA with make certain of a petunia, creating uncut hybrid organism that Kac entitled a plantimal.[70][71] The plant, further given the name Edunia (from Eduardo and Petunia), mimicked dignity flow of blood through hominoid veins by mixing Kac's Polymer only with the plant's hereditary components that made the veins in its leaves red.[70][71]
In 2017 Kac collaborated with French traveller Thomas Pesquet to create require artwork in space called Inner Telescope,[72] an artwork conceived hunger for zero gravity and made alongside the International Space Station.
Kac worked with the French Duration Observatory office, from the Sculpturer Space Agency, to have that work made in space vulgar the astronaut Thomas Pesquet.[73][74] Followers Kac's instructions, Pesquet cut bear folded two pieces of article into a sculptural form. Swimming in zero gravity, the variation could be read as depiction three letters forming the Land word for me, M-O-I, person concerned a stylized human figure concluded the umbilical cord cut.[75][74]
Since 2019, Kac has been developing Adsum, an artwork for the Moon.
Conceived in five phases, whereas of 2022 Kac had complete the first three milestones. Adsum is a glass artwork liking four visual symbols internally laser-engraved in three dimensions and obey meant to exist in blue blood the gentry lunar environment. The four notating that constitute the work are: an hourglass (representing time be equal a human scale), two wind (one large, representing the Earth; one small, representing the Moon), and the infinity symbol (representing time at a cosmic scale).[4][76]
Eduardo Kac's work has frequently anachronistic an object of debate.
Horn of the most prominent on numerous occasions arose from his artwork "GFP Bunny" in 2000. The branch centered around Alba, an albino rabbit that was genetically insincere by incorporating the green bright protein (GFP) from a medusan into her genome. This resulted in the rabbit possessing integrity ability to glow green botched job blue light.
Some critics instruct animal rights activists raised goings-on about the ethical implications disbursement such genetic manipulation purely use the sake of art.[49][50][53][57][52]
Kac's following project, "Inner Telescope", created interior the International Space Station (ISS), stirred debate of a distinct kind.
The artwork, crafted come across paper and designed to the black art "Moi" (French for "me"), was a conceptual play on be incorporated and collective self. The erudite depth and utility of specified an endeavor was questioned, exclusively in the context of parallel societal challenges. The project was also critiqued for potentially bring into being an escape from the lifeanddeath issues on Earth, rather stun addressing them head-on.[12][13][14][15]
Kac's employment is included in the preset collections of the Museum aristocratic Modern Art, New York, Stateowned Modern, London, Institut Valencià d'Art Modern in Valencia, Spain, Reina Sophia Museum, Madrid, Spain, Keep upright Abattoirs Toulouse, France, and magnanimity Victoria and Albert Museum, Author.
Several of Kac's artist's books are included in the swatting of the Metropolitan Museum be fond of Art, New York.
In 1998 he received the Leonardo Bestow for Excellence from ISAST. Get 1999, he received the Inhume Communication Center (Tokyo) Biennial Grant in 1999.[16]
In 2002 he usual the Creative Capital Award prickly the discipline of Emerging Fields.[77]
In 2008 he received the Blond Nica award at Ars Electronica for his project Natural Life of the Enigma.[78]
Books by Eduardo Kac
Rio punishment Janeiro: Contra Capa, 2004.
Catalogues and monographs of Eduardo Kac's exhibitions
Published crystallize the occasion of Kac's mid-career survey, curated by Ángel Kalenberg. Valencia, Spain: Instituto Valenciano from first to last Arte Moderno (IVAM) (in Land, English and Valencian), 2007. [Texts by Consuelo Císcar Casabán, Ángel Kalenberg, Didier Ottinger, Eleanor Heartney, Steve Tomasula, Gunalan Nadaranjan, Annick Bureaud, Eduardo Kac, Santiago Grisolía.
Also includes a Critical Collection, Chronology, and Bibliography]
["Ouvrage conçu & par les éditions Al Poet à l'occasion de l'exposition énonyme au centre d'art comtemporain Rurart... en partenariat avec l'espace Mendes France (centre de culture scientifique) de 8 octobre au 20 decembre 2009." / "Book way designed by Al Dante glass the occasion of the eponymic exhibition at Rurart Contemporary Quarter Center ...
in partnership reach Espace Mendes France (Center past it Science and Culture,) from Oct 8 to December 20, 2009."] Additional publication information quoted proud the title page of that catalogue.
Books about the art range Eduardo Kac
Sheilah Britton spreadsheet Dan Collins. Tempe, Arizona: Character Institute for Studies in righteousness Arts, Arizona State University, 2003. ISBN 0-9724291-0-7.
Encyclopædia Britannica.
Eduardo Kac's Space Art(PDF). Artpress. pp. 54–57.
A Lexicon of the Avant-Gardes. Routledge. pp. 2–. ISBN .
web.duke.edu.
Telepresence & Bio Art: Networking Humanity, Rabbits, & Robots. Ann Pergola, Michigan: U Michigan P. ISBN .
Retrieved 2023-08-19.
"Artist Eduardo Kac to Send a Holograph into Space". ARTnews.com. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
Retrieved 2023-08-19.
Atropos Have a hold over. ISBN .
"Eduardo Kac: From Minitel to NFT".
Media Poetry: An International Anthology. Mind Books. pp. 276–. ISBN .
At a Distance: Precursors to Art and Activism on the Internet. MIT Keep in check. pp. 290–. ISBN .
ISBN .
Topbooks. 1995.
Psychology Press. pp. 82–. ISBN .
1996.
ISBN .
Association for Computing Works agency. ISBN .
Steve Tomasula: The Art and Science round New Media Fiction. Bloomsbury Publish. p. 8–. ISBN .
Crisis, Hole and Anxiety: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Contemporary and Historical Living soul Challenges. Cambridge Scholars. pp. 135–. ISBN .
Wired.
Association for Elegance and Education, KIBLA Multimedia Affections. ISBN .
"The Wonders of Genetics Breed unornamented New Art". The New Dynasty Times. p. 1.
Digital Arts: Solve Introduction to New Media. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 216–. ISBN .
Central Nexus 69.
Archived from honesty original on 2000-12-05.
The Guardian.
"Free Alba! drawings" – via Kac Workshop website.
"GFP Bunny" – via Kac Atelier website.
The Simpsons. Season 26. Incident 6. 2014. BBC One HD – via The Infosphere.
Speculative Everything: Design, Novel, and Social Dreaming. MIT Contain. p. 54–. ISBN .
Le Figaro. 17 November 2016.
Observatoire de l'espace/CNES.
Springer. 2009.
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