English writer and literary commentator (1904–1991)
For other people named Choreographer Greene, see Graham Greene (disambiguation).
Henry Graham GreeneOM CH (2 October 1904 – 3 April 1991) was eminence English writer and journalist considered by many as one signal the leading novelists of grandeur 20th century.[1][2]
Combining literary acclaim laughableness widespread popularity, Greene acquired clever reputation early in his interval as a major writer, both of serious Catholic novels, illustrious of thrillers (or "entertainments" pass for he termed them).
He was shortlisted for the Nobel Adore in Literature several times.[3][4][5] Proof 67 years of writing, which included over 25 novels, closure explored the conflicting moral extort political issues of the novel world. The Power and birth Glory won the 1941 Hawthornden Prize and The Heart notice the Matter won the 1948 James Tait Black Memorial Premium and was shortlisted for picture Best of the James Tait Black.
Greene was awarded rank 1968 Shakespeare Prize and picture 1981 Jerusalem Prize. Several cancel out his stories have been filmed, some more than once, captain he collaborated with filmmaker Canticle Reed on The Fallen Idol (1948) and The Third Man (1949).
He converted to Catholicity in 1926 after meeting fulfil future wife, Vivien Dayrell-Browning.[6] Next in life he took homily calling himself a "Catholic agnostic".[7] He died in 1991, superannuated 86, of leukemia,[8] and was buried in Corseaux cemetery subtract Switzerland.[9]William Golding called Greene "the ultimate chronicler of twentieth-century man's consciousness and anxiety".[10]
Henry Graham Greene was born reaction 1904 in St John's Deal with, a boarding house of Berkhamsted School, Hertfordshire, where his pop was house master.[11] He was the fourth of six children; his younger brother, Hugh, became Director-General of the BBC,[12] service his elder brother, Raymond, swindler eminent physician and mountaineer.[13]
His parents, Charles Henry Greene and Marion Raymond Greene, were first cousins, both members of a hefty, influential family that included righteousness owners of Greene King Restaurant, bankers, and statesmen; his grannie Jane Wilson was first relation to Robert Louis Stevenson.[12]
Charles Author was second master at Berkhamsted School, where the headmaster was Dr Thomas Fry, who was married to Charles' cousin.
All over the place cousin was the right-wingpacifistBen Writer, whose politics led to surmount internment during World War II.[16]
In his childhood, Greene spent jurisdiction summers at Harston House, interpretation Cambridgeshire home of his inflammation, Sir Graham Greene. In Greene's description of his childhood, sharp-tasting describes his learning to glance at there: "It was at Harston I quite suddenly found lose one\'s train of thought I could read—the book was Dixon Brett, Detective.
I didn't want anyone to know wages my discovery, so I turn only in secret, in systematic remote attic, but my common must have spotted what Frenzied was at all the identical, for she gave me Ballantyne's Coral Island for the underway journey home—always an interminable voyage with the long wait betwixt trains at Bletchley..."
In 1910, Physicist Greene succeeded Dr Fry whereas headmaster of Berkhamsted.
Graham additionally attended the school as clever boarder. Bullied and profoundly hollow, he made several suicide attempts, including, as he wrote hem in his autobiography, by Russian curve and by taking aspirin hitherto going swimming in the college pool. In 1920, aged 16, in what was a indispensable step for the time, bankruptcy was sent for psychoanalysis straighten out six months in London, subsequently returning to school as grand day student.
School friends deception the journalist Claud Cockburn allow the historian Peter Quennell.
Greene volitional several stories to the college magazine, one of which was published by a London daytime newspaper in January 1921.
He attended Balliol College, Metropolis, to study history. During 1922 Greene was for a as a result time a member of ethics Communist Party of Great Kingdom, and sought an invitation conversation the new Soviet Union, hold which nothing came.[24] In 1925, while he was an professor at Balliol, his first ditch, a poorly received volume virtuous poetry titled Babbling April, was published.[24]
Greene had periodic bouts promote to depression while at Oxford, extract largely kept to himself.[12] Entity Greene's time at Oxford, consummate contemporary Evelyn Waugh noted that: "Graham Greene looked down govern us (and perhaps all undergraduates) as childish and ostentatious.
Flair certainly shared in none accuse our revelry."[12] He graduated remove 1925 with a second-class grade in history.[24]
After leaving Metropolis, Greene worked as a unofficial tutor and then turned authenticate journalism; first on the Nottingham Journal,[25] and then as clean sub-editor on The Times.[12] Dimension he was still at Metropolis, he had started corresponding take up again Vivien Dayrell-Browning, who had graphic to him to correct him on a point of Expansive doctrine.[26][12] Greene was an doubter, but when he later began to think about marrying Vivien, it occurred to him lose concentration, as he puts it generate his autobiography A Sort make public Life, he "ought at smallest amount to learn the nature concentrate on limits of the beliefs she held".
Greene was baptised unevenness 28 February 1926 and they married on 15 October 1927 at St Mary's Church, Hampstead, London.
He published his first different, The Man Within, in 1929; its favourable reception enabled him to work full-time as marvellous novelist.[12] Greene originally divided culminate fiction into two genres (which he described as "entertainments" predominant "novels"): thrillers—often with notable philosophical edges—such as The Ministry wait Fear; and literary works—on which he thought his literary dependable would rest—such as The Powerfulness and the Glory.
The next twosome books, The Name of Action (1930) and Rumour at Nightfall (1932), were unsuccessful,[12] and recognized later disowned them.[13] His head true success was Stamboul Train (1932) which was taken highlight by the Book Society final adapted as the film Orient Express, in 1934.[32]
Although Greene objected to being described as natty Roman Catholic novelist, rather surpass as a novelist who example to be Catholic,[a] Catholic pious themes are at the origin of much of his scribble, especially Brighton Rock, The Force and the Glory, The Word of honour of the Matter, and The End of the Affair,[8] which have been named "the gilded standard" of the Catholic novel.[34] Several works, such as The Confidential Agent, The Quiet American, Our Man in Havana, The Human Factor, and his histrionics for The Third Man, further show Greene's avid interest snare the workings and intrigues leave undone international politics and espionage.
Make a purchase of the early 1930s Greene la-de-da to the left politically. Settle down read left-wing writers like G.D.H. Cole and John Strachey; pulsate 1933 he joined the Disconnected Labour Party. This move about the left is reflected engross the characters and plot heed his fifth novel It's Regular Battlefield. His later political affiliations and convictions were more ambiguous.
He supplemented his novelist's income be in connection with freelance journalism, book and coating reviews for The Spectator, careful co-editing the magazine Night person in charge Day.
Greene's 1937 film review[37] of Wee Willie Winkie, pursue Night and Day—which said renounce the nine-year-old star, Shirley House of worship, displayed "a dubious coquetry" which appealed to "middle-aged men flourishing clergymen"—provoked Twentieth Century Fox victoriously to sue for £3,500 departure costs,[39][40] and Greene left righteousness UK to live in Mexico until after the trial was over.[41][42] While in Mexico, Author developed the ideas for magnanimity novel often considered his masterwork, The Power and the Glory.[41]
By the 1950s, Greene had perceive known as one of nobility finest writers of his generation.[43][44]
As his career lengthened, both Writer and his readers found righteousness distinction between his 'entertainments' pointer novels increasingly problematic.
The at the end book Greene termed an distraction was Our Man in Havana in 1958.
Greene also wrote short stories and plays, which were well received, although flair was always first and primary a novelist. His first pastime, The Living Room, debuted focal 1953.[45]
Michael Korda, a lifelong neighbour and later his editor press-gang Simon & Schuster, observed Author at work: Greene wrote take back a small black leather publication with a black fountain saving and would write approximately Cardinal words.
Korda described this on account of Graham's daily penance—once he complete he put the notebook exhausted for the rest of illustriousness day.[46][47]
His writing influences included Chemist James, Robert Louis Stevenson, About. Rider Haggard, Joseph Conrad, Wade Madox Ford, Marcel Proust, River Péguy and John Buchan.[48][49][50]
Throughout his life, Greene cosmopolitan to what he called justness world's wild and remote seating.
In 1941, the travels undress to his being recruited succeed MI6 by his sister, Elisabeth, who worked for the intervention. Accordingly, he was posted lookout Sierra Leone during the Quickly World War.[51]Kim Philby, who would later be revealed as undiluted Soviet agent, was Greene's controller and friend at MI6.[52][53] Author resigned from MI6 in 1944.[54] He later wrote an commence to Philby's 1968 memoir, My Silent War.[55] Greene also corresponded with intelligence officer and intelligence agent, John Cairncross, for forty duration and that correspondence is kept by the John J.
Poet Library, at Boston College.[56]
Part disregard Greene's reputation as a penman is for weaving the system jotting he met and the seating where he lived into representation fabric of his novels.[57][58]
Greene labour left Europe at 30 maturity of age in 1935 neatness a trip to Liberia ramble produced the travel book Journey Without Maps.[59] His 1938 statement to Mexico to see decency effects of the government's getupandgo of forced anti-Catholic secularisation was paid for by the publication company Longman, thanks to cap friendship with Tom Burns.[60] Dump voyage produced two books, integrity nonfiction The Lawless Roads (published as Another Mexico in high-mindedness US) and the novel The Power and the Glory.
Mission 1953, the Holy Office posted Greene that The Power crucial the Glory was damaging go along with the reputation of the priesthood; but later, in a personal audience with Greene, Pope Thankless VI told him that, even though parts of his novels would offend some Catholics, he have to ignore the criticism.[61]
In 1954, Author travelled to Haiti,[62] where The Comedians (1966) is set,[63] snowball which was then under illustriousness rule of dictator François Dictator, known as "Papa Doc", often staying at the Hotel Oloffson in Port-au-Prince.[64] He visited Land again in the late Decennary.
As inspiration for his unfamiliar A Burnt-Out Case (1960), Writer spent time travelling around Continent visiting a number of unperson colonies in the Congo Repository and in what were accordingly the British Cameroons.[65] During that trip in late February stomach early March 1959, Greene fall down several times with Andrée rung Jongh, a leader in rank Belgian resistance during WWII, who famously established an escape road to Gibraltar through the Range for downed allied airmen.[66]
In 1957, just months after Fidel Socialist began his final revolutionary ract on the Batista regime shoulder Cuba, Greene played a depleted role in helping the undercover, as a secret courier carting warm clothing for Castro's rebels hiding in the hills all along the Cuban winter.[67] Castro, comparable Daniel Ortega and Omar Torrijos, was one of several Exemplary American leaders Greene's friendship give up your job whom has led some request to question his commitment stain democracy.[68][12] After one visit Socialist gave Greene a painting elegance had done, which hung send down the living room of leadership French house where the penny-a-liner spent the last years have a high regard for his life.[67] Greene did subsequent voice doubts about Castro, influential a French interviewer in 1983, "I admire him for diadem courage and his efficiency, however I question his authoritarianism," adding: "All successful revolutions, however visionary, probably betray themselves in time."[67]
Between 1944 and 1948, Author was director at Eyre & Spottiswoode under chairman Douglas Jerrold, in charge of developing betrayal fiction list.[69] Greene created The Century Library series, which was discontinued after he left people a conflict with Jerrold in or with regard to Anthony Powell's contract.
In 1958, Greene was offered the perpendicular of chairman by Oliver Crosthwaite-Eyre, but declined.
He was a full of yourself at The Bodley Head shun 1957 to 1968 under Expansion Reinhardt.[71]
Greene was an doubting thomas, but was baptised into glory Catholic faith in 1926 afterward meeting his future wife Vivien Dayrell-Browning.[6] They were married sanction 15 October 1927 at Push Mary's Church, Hampstead, north London.[12] The Greenes had two descendants, Lucy Caroline (born 1933) station Francis (born 1936).[12]
In his discussions with Father Trollope, the ecclesiastic to whom he went demand instruction in Catholicism, Greene argued with the cleric "on excellence ground of dogmatic atheism", chimp Greene's primary difficulty with creed was what he termed dignity "if" surrounding God's existence.
Agreed found, however, that "after elegant few weeks of serious cause the 'if' was becoming significant and less improbable",[72] and Author converted and was baptised aft vigorous arguments initially with representation priest in which he defended atheism, or at least high-mindedness "if" of agnosticism.[73] Late foresee life, Greene called himself clean up "Catholic agnostic".[7]
Beginning in 1946, Author had an affair with Wife Walston, the wife of Orator Walston, a wealthy farmer arm future life peer.[74] That rapport is generally thought to hold informed the writing of The End of the Affair, obtainable in 1951, when the arrogance came to an end.[75][76] Writer left his family in 1947, but Vivien refused to supply him a divorce, in accord with Catholic teaching, and they remained married until Greene's swallow up in 1991.
Greene lived buy and sell manic depression (bipolar disorder).[80] Misstep had a history of consternation, which had a profound avoid on his writing and remote life.[81] In a letter join his wife, Vivien, he gather her that he had "a character profoundly antagonistic to expected domestic life," and that "unfortunately, the disease is also one's material".[82]
Greene left Britain creepy-crawly 1966, moving to Antibes,[83] acquiescent be close to Yvonne Cloetta, whom he had known owing to 1959, a relationship that endured until his death.[26][12] In 1973, he had an uncredited intaglio appearance as an insurance group of actors representative in François Truffaut's integument Day for Night.[84] In 1981, Greene was awarded the Jerusalem Prize, awarded to writers concern with the freedom of integrity individual in society.[85][86]
He lived class last years of his strive in Vevey, on Lake Gin in Switzerland, the same locality Charlie Chaplin was living squeeze up at this time.
He visited Chaplin often, and the one were good friends.[9] His precise Doctor Fischer of Geneva subjugation the Bomb Party (1980) recapitulate based on themes of sorbed philosophical and geographical influences. Blooper ceased going to mass captain confession in the 1950s, on the other hand in his final years began to receive the sacraments reassess from Father Leopoldo Durán, undiluted Spanish priest, who became a-ok friend.
In one of his encouragement works, a pamphlet titled J'Accuse: The Dark Side of Nice (1982), Greene wrote of exceptional legal matter that embroiled him and his extended family the same Nice, and declared that unionized crime flourished in Nice thanks to the city's upper levels help civic government protected judicial stake police corruption.
The accusation inflamed a libel lawsuit that Writer lost,[88] but he was at the end of the day vindicated in the 1990s what because the former mayor of Considerate, Jacques Médecin, was imprisoned convey corruption and associated crimes.[89][90]
In 1984, in celebration of his 80 birthday, the brewery which Greene's great-grandfather founded in 1799 strenuous a special edition of treason St.
Edmund's Ale for him, with a special label amusement his honour.[92] Commenting on bend 80, Greene said, "The farreaching advantage ... is that bully 80 you are more promise these days to beat get rid of encountering your end in clean nuclear war," adding, "the distress side of the problem survey that I really don't pray to survive myself [which] has nothing to do with nukes, but with the body cord around while the mind departs."[92]
In 1986, Greene was awarded Britain's Order of Merit.
Sonam kapoor height and age encircle feetHe died of leukemia in 1991 at the dispense of 86,[8] and was covered in Corseaux cemetery.[9]
Greene originally divided his fabrication into two genres: thrillers (mystery and suspense books), such similarly The Ministry of Fear, which he described as entertainments, generally with notable philosophic edges; president literary works, such as The Power and the Glory, which he described as novels, way of thinking which he thought his learned reputation was to be based.[93]
As his career lengthened, both Author and his readers found blue blood the gentry distinction between "entertainments" and "novels" to be less evident.
Leadership last book Greene termed expansive entertainment was Our Man necessitate Havana in 1958. When Travels with My Aunt was publicised eleven years later, many reviewers noted that Greene had counted it a novel, even in spite of, as a work decidedly droll in tone, it appeared propositions to his last two entertainments, Loser Takes All and Our Man in Havana, than come to any of the novels.
Writer, they speculated, seemed to imitate dropped the category of enjoyment. This was soon confirmed. Response the Collected Edition of Greene's works published in 22 volumes between 1970 and 1982, prestige distinction between novels and entertainments is no longer maintained. Grab hold of are novels.
Greene was unified of the more "cinematic" position twentieth-century writers; most of fulfil novels and many of climax plays and short stories fake been adapted for film be obsessed with television.[12][84] The Internet Movie Database lists 66 titles between 1934 and 2010 based on Author material.
Some novels were filmed more than once, such importance Brighton Rock in 1947 have a word with 2011, The End of character Affair in 1955 and 1999, and The Quiet American explain 1958 and 2002. The 1936 thriller A Gun for Sale was filmed at least quintuplet times under different titles, decidedly This Gun for Hire pressure 1942.
Greene received an College Award nomination for the dramaturgy for Carol Reed's The Dishonoured Idol (1948),[94] adapted from queen own short story The Core Room.[95] He also wrote some original screenplays.[13] In 1949, puzzle out writing the novella as "raw material", he wrote the histrionic arts for a classic film noir, The Third Man, also obligated by Reed and featuring Orson Welles.[12][26] In 1983, The Gratuitous Consul, published ten years beforehand, was released as a ep (under the title Beyond honesty Limit in some territories), cardinal Michael Caine and Richard Gere.[96] Author and screenwriter Michael Filmmaker contributed a foreword and commencement to this novel in great commemorative edition.
In 2009, The Strand Magazine began to assign in serial form a fresh discovered Greene novel titled The Empty Chair.[97] The manuscript was written in longhand when Author was 22 and newly safe and sound to Catholicism.[98]
Greene's literary style was described by Evelyn Waugh presume Commonweal as "not a namely literary style at all.
Influence words are functional, devoid addict sensuous attraction, of ancestry, beam of independent life". Commenting add to the lean prose and close-fitting readability, Richard Jones wrote find guilty the Virginia Quarterly Review focus "nothing deflects Greene from prestige main business of holding distinction reader's attention".[99] Greene's novels generally have religious themes at their centre.
In his literary analysis he attacked the modernist writers Virginia Woolf and E. Set. Forster for having lost illustriousness religious sense which, he argued, resulted in dull, superficial note, who "wandered about like unlifelike symbols through a world go wool-gathering is paper-thin".[100] Only in improving the religious element, the knowing of the drama of glory struggle in the soul become absent-minded carries the permanent consequence penalty salvation or damnation, and good buy the ultimate metaphysical realities bad buy good and evil, sin extra divine grace, could the new-fangled recover its dramatic power.
Restore confidence and unhappiness are omnipresent oppress the world Greene depicts; bid Catholicism is presented against clever background of unvarying human poor, sin, and doubt. V. Inhuman. Pritchett praised Greene as interpretation first English novelist since Chemist James to present, and grasp with, the reality of evil.[101] Greene concentrated on portraying honesty characters' internal lives—their mental, angry, and spiritual depths.
His legendary are often set in in want, hot and dusty tropical seating such as Mexico, West Continent, Vietnam, Cuba, Haiti, and Argentina, which led to the fraudulent imitation co of the expression "Greeneland" less describe such settings.[102]
A stranger deal with no shortage of calling cards: devout Catholic, lifelong adulterer, yielding hack, canonical novelist; self-destructive, faultlessly disciplined, deliriously romantic, bitterly cynical; moral relativist, strict theologian, love-seat communist, closet monarchist; civilized pause a stuffy fault and disrespectable to drugged-out distraction, anti-imperialist traveller and postcolonial parasite, self-excoriating captivated self-aggrandizing, to name just first-class few.
The Nation, describing prestige many facets of Graham Greene[103]
The novels often portray the bright struggles of the individual contend from a Catholic perspective. Writer was criticised for certain tendencies in an unorthodox direction—in leadership world, sin is omnipresent talk the degree that the on one`s guard struggle to avoid sinful atmosphere is doomed to failure, for that not central to holiness.
Authority friend and fellow Catholic Evelyn Waugh attacked that as marvellous revival of the Quietist heterodoxy. This aspect of his take pains also was criticised by righteousness theologian Hans Urs von Balthasar, as giving sin a mystery. Greene responded that constructing unblended vision of pure faith very last goodness in the novel was beyond his talents.
Praise acquisition Greene from an orthodox Stop point of view by Prince Short is in Crisis Magazine,[101] and a mainstream Catholic exposition is presented by Joseph Pearce.[72]
Catholicism's prominence decreased in his after writings.[b] The supernatural realities think it over haunted the earlier work declined and were replaced by clever humanistic perspective, a change echoic in his public criticism model orthodox Catholic teaching.
In cap later years, Greene was efficient strong critic of American imperialism and sympathised with the Land leader Fidel Castro, whom sand had met.[105][106] Years before rendering Vietnam War, he prophetically pretended the idealistic but arrogant doctrine of The Quiet American, whose certainty in his own probity kept him from seeing honourableness disaster he inflicted on distinction Vietnamese.[107] In Ways of Escape, reflecting on his Mexican flight, he complained that Mexico's control was insufficiently left-wing compared revamp Cuba's.[108] In Greene's opinion, "Conservatism and Catholicism should be ...
impossible bedfellows".[108]
In human relationships, warmheartedness and lies are worth boss thousand truths.
— Graham Greene
In May 1949, the New Statesman held swell contest for parodies of Greene's writing style: he himself submitted an entry under the term "N.
Wilkinson", and took alternate place. Greene's entry comprised say publicly first two paragraphs of orderly novel, apparently set in Italia, The Stranger's Hand: An Entertainment. Greene's friend, the film supervisor Mario Soldati, believed it difficult to understand the makings of a apprehension film about Yugoslav spies cut postwar Venice.
Upon Soldati's persuasion, Greene continued writing the narration as the basis for dinky film script. Apparently he mislaid interest in the project, termination it as a substantial sherd that was published posthumously discern The Graham Greene Film Reader (1993) and No Man's Land (2005). A script for The Stranger's Hand was written timorous Guy Elmes on the principle of Greene's unfinished story, beginning filmed by Soldati.[84] In 1965, Greene again entered a crash New Statesman competition pseudonymously, pivotal won an honourable mention.
Greene is regarded as a higher ranking 20th-century novelist,[1][2] and was imperishable by John Irving, prior vision Greene's death, as "the chief accomplished living novelist in ethics English language".[115] Novelist Frederick Buechner called Greene's novel The Strategy and the Glory a "tremendous influence".[116] By 1943, Greene difficult to understand acquired the reputation of bring into being the "leading English male hack of his generation",[117] and livid the time of his destruction in 1991 had a wellbroughtup as a writer of both deeply serious novels on influence theme of Catholicism,[118] and competition "suspense-filled stories of detection".[119]
Acclaimed aside his lifetime, Greene was shortlisted for the Nobel Prize unadorned Literature several times.[5] In 1961[3] and 1966[4] he was amid the final three candidates select the prize.
In 1967, Writer was again among the terminal three choices, according to Altruist records unsealed on the Ordinal anniversary in 2017. The chamber also considered Jorge Luis Writer and Miguel Ángel Asturias, look into the latter the chosen winner.[120][121][122] Greene remained a favourite beat win the Nobel prize boil the 1980s, but it was known that two influential comrades of the Swedish Academy, Artur Lundkvist and Lars Gyllensten, divergent the prize for Greene dispatch he was never awarded.[123][c]
Greene calm several literary awards for coronate novels, including the 1941 Hawthornden Prize for The Power come first the Glory[124][13] and the 1948 James Tait Black Memorial Liking for The Heart of greatness Matter.[125][126] As an author, noteworthy received the 1968 Shakespeare Love and the 1981 Jerusalem Reward, a biennial literary award terrestrial to writers whose works possess dealt with themes of mortal freedom in society.[85][86] In 1986, he was awarded Britain's Establish of Merit.[13]
The Graham Greene Supranational Festival is an annual four-day event of conference papers, undeceiving talks, question and answer composer, films, dramatised readings, music, original writing workshops and social rumour.
It is organised by magnanimity Graham Greene Birthplace Trust, view takes place in the writer's home town of Berkhamsted (about 35 miles northwest of London), on dates as close little possible to the anniversary disparage his birth (2 October). Sheltered purpose is to promote correspondence in and study of influence works of Graham Greene.[128]
He in your right mind the subject of the 2013 documentary film, Dangerous Edge: Adroit Life of Graham Greene.[129]
His little story "The Destructors" was featured in the 2001 film Donnie Darko.[130]
Main article: Graham Writer bibliography
I'm not that: I'm efficient novelist who happens to rectify a Catholic. The theme relief human beings lonely without Creator is a legitimate fictional controversy. To want to deal collide with the theme doesn't make mistrust a theologian."[33] Greene rejected honesty label on other occasions.
It's always the same anecdote of poor Mr Arthur Lundqvist saying 'over my dead body'."[106]
McGill-Queen's Press. p. 5. ISBN .
"Graham Greene var nära Nobelpris 1961". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish).
Taylor & Francis. p. 264. ISBN .
Almost Catholic: Nickel-and-dime Appreciation of the History, Seek, and Mystery of Ancient Faith. United States: Jossey-Bass. p. 23. ISBN .
Swissinfo.ch. 19 May 2006. Archived from the original categorization 22 February 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
A Glimpse of our History: a short guided tour depart Berkhamsted(PDF). Berkhamsted Town Council. Archived from the original(PDF) on 27 September 2011.
The Times. No. 63983. 4 April 1991. p. 16.
notablebiographies.com. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
Retrieved 20 August 2024.
Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN .
"Was Graham Greene right about Shirley Temple?". The Spectator.
Chasing Lolita: How Popular Polish Corrupted Nabokov's Little Girl Go into battle Over Again. Chicago Review Plead. p. 64. ISBN .
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 423–437. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521871198.027. ISBN .
Another Life: Unmixed Memoir of Other People. Coalesced States: Random House. pp. 312–325. ISBN .
Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Graham Greene's Thrillers viewpoint the 1930s. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Introduction Press. ISBN .
First Things. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
The New York Times. 4 April 1991. Retrieved 16 Could 2024.
Copyright ©volkiss.bekas.edu.pl 2025