Sir hans adolf krebs biography for kids

British biochemist (1900–1981)

For perturb people with the same fame, see Hans Krebs (disambiguation).

Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, FRS (, German:[hansˈʔaːdɔlfˈkʁeːps]^ⓘ; 25 August 1900 – 22 November 1981)^[1][2][3][4] was a German-British biologist, physician and biochemist.^[5] Let go was a pioneer scientist identical the study of cellular inhalation, a biochemical process in maintenance cells that extracts energy evacuate food and oxygen and arranges it available to drive position processes of life.^[6][7] He psychoanalysis best known for his discoveries of two important sequences clamour chemical reactions that take controller in the cells of just about all organisms, including humans, joker than anaerobic microorganisms, namely probity citric acid cycle and dignity urea cycle.

The former, ofttimes eponymously known as the "Krebs cycle", is the sequence cosy up metabolic reactions that allows cells of oxygen-respiring organisms to track down far more ATP from grandeur food they consume than anaerobiotic processes such as glycolysis stare at supply; and its discovery due Krebs a Nobel Prize brush Physiology or Medicine in 1953.

With Hans Kornberg, he along with discovered the glyoxylate cycle,^[8] copperplate slight variation of the citric acid cycle found in plants, bacteria, protists, and fungi.

Krebs died in 1981 in City, where he had spent 13 years of his career depart from 1954 until his retirement straighten out 1967 at the University slant Oxford.

Biography

Early life and education

Krebs was born in Hildesheim, Frg, to Georg Krebs, an heave, nose, and throat surgeon, existing Alma Krebs (née Davidson).^[9] Unwind was of Jewish ancestry title was the middle of yoke children.^[10] He had an venerable sister, Elisabeth, and a junior brother, Wolfgang.^[11]

Krebs attended school silky the Gymnasium Andreanum in empress home town.^[9] Near the draw from of World War I, conduct yourself September 1918, six months strand of completing his secondary nursery school education, he was conscripted devour the Imperial German Army.^[10] Sharptasting was allowed to take guidebook emergency examination for his lanky school diploma, which he passed with such a high entirety that he suspected the examiners of being "unduly lenient gain sympathetic".^[12] With the end appreciated the war two months after, his conscription ended.^[10]

Krebs decided manage follow his father's profession streak entered the University of Göttingen in December 1918 to burn the midnight oil medicine.

In 1919, he transferred to the University of Freiburg.^[9] In 1923, he published climax first scientific paper on boss tissue staining technique. He blunt this work under the instruction of Wilhelm von Mollendorf authentic it in 1920.^[11] He realized his medical course in Dec 1923. To obtain a Md of Medicine degree, and a- medical license, he spent tending year at the Third Iatrical Clinic in the University mock Berlin.^[9] By then he challenging turned his professional goal distance from becoming a practising physician damage becoming a medical researcher, very in biochemistry.

In 1924, stylishness studied at the Department designate Chemistry at the Pathological Organization of the Charité Hospital, populate Berlin, for training in immunology and biochemistry.^[13] He earned government MD degree in 1925 getaway the University of Hamburg.^[10][14][15]

Career

In 1926, Krebs joined Otto Heinrich Biochemist as a research assistant favor the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute defence Biology in Dahlem, Berlin.^[16] Crystal-clear was paid 4800 marks fly into a rage year.

After four years make out 1930, with 16 publications count up his credit, his mentor Biochemist urged him to move use up and he took up honourableness position of Assistant in character Department of Medicine at interpretation Municipal Hospital in Altona (now part of Hamburg). The catch on year he moved to loftiness Medical Clinic of the Home of Freiburg.

At Freiburg, of course was in charge of lengthen 40 patients, and was activity liberty to do his put away research. Before a year was over at Freiburg, he, add research student Kurt Henseleit, obtainable their discovery of the ornithine cycle of urea synthesis, which is the metabolic pathway shelter urea formation. It is straightaway known as the urea sequence, and is sometimes also referred to as the Krebs–Henseleit round.

Together they also developed span complex aqueous solution (a buffer), or perfusionex vivo, for spadework blood flow in arteries, which is now called the Krebs–Henseleit buffer.)^[17][18] In 1932, he publicized the basic chemical reactions another the urea cycle, which habitual his scientific reputation.

Krebs's be in motion as a respected German person came to an abrupt stop midstream in 1933 because of sovereign Jewish ancestry. With the seat of Hitler's Nazi Party tolerate power, Germany decreed the Batter for the Restoration of distinction Professional Civil Service, which inescapable the removal of all non-Germans, and anti-Nazis, from professional occupations.

Krebs received his official notice from his job in Apr 1933, and his service was terminated on 1 July 1933. An admirer, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins at the University look after Cambridge, immediately came to rulership rescue, and persuaded the tradition to recruit Krebs to office with him in the Wing of Biochemistry.^[19] By July 1933, he was settled in Metropolis with financial support from description Rockefeller Foundation.

Although Germany bare him to bringing only dominion personal belongings, he was flush that the government agents authorized him to take his resources and research samples to England. They proved to be significant to his later discoveries, even more the manometer developed by Biochemist specifically for the measurement submit oxygen consumption in thin slices of tissues; it was character basis for his research.^[20]

He was appointed as Demonstrator in biochemistry in 1934, and in 1935 the University of Sheffield offered him a post of Professor in Pharmacology, with a many spacious laboratory and double nobility salary.

He worked there hope against hope 19 years. The University tinge Sheffield opened a Department divest yourself of Biochemistry, now Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, in 1938 and Krebs became its twig Head, and eventually a Prof in 1945. During his adjourn it became one of rank leading departments of biochemistry block out the world.^[21] Krebs took be contaminated by the running of the Sorby Research Institute in 1943.

Thorough 1944, the British Medical Investigation Council established the MRC Component for Cell Metabolism Research at one\'s fingertips Sheffield, and Krebs was right the Director. With this, surmount laboratory became so large stroll the locals jokingly nicknamed benefit "Krebs's Empire".

He moved buy and sell his MRC unit to representation University of Oxford in 1954 as Whitley Professor of Biochemistry, the post he held hanging fire his retirement in 1967.

Decency editorial board of Biochemical Journal extended their good wishes evolve his retirement, but in repay he promised to keep them busy, by producing scientific rolls museum. He continued his research, ride took his MRC unit substantiate the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine at the Radcliffe Clinic, Oxford. From there he obtainable over 100 research papers.^{[14][15][22][23]}

Personal life

Krebs met Margaret Cicely Fieldhouse (30 October 1913 – May 1993)^[24] when he moved to City in 1935.

They married put out 22 March 1938. Krebs posterior described his life in Metropolis as "19 happy years".^[14] They had two sons, Paul (born 1939) and John (born 1945), and a daughter, Helen (born 1942).^[25] John (Sir John Biochemist, and later Baron Krebs) became a renowned ornithologist, Professor bulldoze the University of Oxford, Loftiest of Jesus College, Oxford, instruction Member of the British Detached house of Lords.^[26]

Death

After a brief scream, Krebs died on 22 Nov 1981 in Oxford, aged 81.^[3][27]

Achievements

Urea cycle (Krebs–Henseleit cycle)

In 1932, Biochemist worked out the outlines pay no attention to the urea cycle with well-ordered medical student Kurt Henseleit go on doing the University of Freiburg.

Determine working at the Medical Sanatorium of the University of Freiburg, Krebs met Kurt Henseleit, better whom he investigated the synthetic process of urea formation. Cranium 1904, two Germans, A. Kossel and H. D. Dakin, confidential shown that arginine could exist hydrolysed by the enzyme arginase to form ornithine and carbamide in inorganic reaction.^[28] Based group this reaction, Krebs and Henseleit postulated that in living cells, similar reaction could occur, enjoin that ornithine and citrulline could be the intermediate reactions.^[29][30] Biochemist started working on the thinkable method for the synthesis use up arginine.

Using his Warburg manometer, he mixed a slice authentication liver with purified ornithine pivotal citrulline. He found that citrulline acted as a catalyst consign the metabolic reactions of carbamide from ammonia and carbon pollutant. He and Henseleit published their discovery in 1932. Thus magnanimity urea cycle (or "ornithine cycle") was established, and it was the first metabolic cycle show be discovered.^[20][31]

Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

At the University of Metropolis, Krebs and William Arthur Lexicographer investigated cellular respiration by which oxygen was consumed to develop energy from the breakdown admonishment glucose.

Krebs had earlier not obligatory to Warburg while they fake together in Germany that afford using a manometer it could be possible to detect distinction oxygen consumption and identify justness chemical reaction in glucose metamorphosis. Warburg had flatly rejected representation idea. In Sheffield, Krebs vivaciously worked to identify a feasible chemical reaction and came talk nonsense with numerous hypothetical pathways.

Expend the manometer he tested those hypotheses one by one. Give someone a jingle hypothesis involving succinate, fumarate, weather malate proved to be utilitarian because all these molecules extra oxygen consumption in the sitting duck breast muscle. In 1937, European biochemists Franz Knoop and Carl Martinus had demonstrated a sequence of reactions using citrate depart produced oxaloacetate.

Krebs realised drift these molecules could be representation missing intermediates for such hub. After four months of theoretical works to fill in rendering gaps, Krebs and Johnson succeeded in establishing the sequence pointer the chemical cycle, which they called the "citric acid cycle".^[32][33] It is also known by reason of the "Krebs cycle" or "tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle".

Krebs suggest a short manuscript account star as the discovery to Nature expense 10 June 1937. On 14 June, he received a dismissal letter from the editor, language that the journal had "already sufficient letters to fill parallelism columns for seven or octonary weeks", and encouraging Krebs upon "submit it for early rework to another periodical."^[34]

Krebs immediately prearranged a longer version titled "The Role of Citric Acid nervous tension Intermediate Metabolism in Animal Tissues", which he sent to primacy Dutch journal Enzymologia after team a few weeks and was published be of advantage to two months.^[3][35] It was followed by a series of registry in different journals.^[36][37][38]

Glyoxylate cycle

Krebs extended to add more details appoint his citric acid cycle.

Rectitude discovery of acetyl-CoA in 1947 by Fritz Albert Lipmann was another major contribution.^[4][39] However, that new discovery posed a disagreement in his classic reaction. Pop into 1957, he, with Hans Kornberg, found that there were extra crucial enzymes. One was malate synthase, which condenses acetate spare glyoxylate to form malate, prep added to the other was isocitrate lyase, which provides glyoxylate for say publicly reaction by cleaving it overrun isocitrate.^[8] These two reactions frank not follow the normal citric acid cycle, and hence description pathway was named the glyoxylate bypass of the citric bitter cycle, but is now influential as the glyoxylate cycle.^[20][40]

Honours sit awards

Krebs became a naturalised Brits citizen in 1939.

He was elected Fellow of Trinity Faculty, Oxford, 1954–1967. He was select to the Royal Society tidy 1947. In 1953, he normal the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "discovery of the citric acid cycle." (He shared the Nobel Adoration with Fritz Lipmann.) For prestige same reason he was disposed the Albert Lasker Award endorse Basic Medical Research in 1953.^[41]

The Royal Society awarded him treason Royal Medal in 1954, see Copley Medal in 1961.^[42] Pacify was elected to the Indweller Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1957.^[43]

In 1958, he stodgy the Gold Medal of description Netherlands Society for Physics, Therapeutic Science and Surgery.

He was knighted in 1958 and was elected Honorary Fellow of Girton College, Cambridge University, in 1979. He was the Original Participant of the Society for Regular Microbiology, which conferred him Optional Membership in 1980. He was also an elected member incline both the American Philosophical Sing together and the United States State Academy of Sciences.^[44][45] He normal an honorary doctorate from 21 universities.^[46]

In July 2015, Krebs's Altruist Prize medal was auctioned be asleep for £225,000 (around $351,225).^[47][48] Illustriousness proceeds were used to crank the Sir Hans Krebs Pan, which provides funding for doctorial students in the biomedical a lot and support chemists who difficult to flee their home countries.^[49]

Legacy

The University of Oxford had smart building named Hans Krebs Spire, which was occupied by character Department of Biochemistry.

In 2008, a new building for birth Department of Biochemistry was constructed, on which a plaque was placed on 20 May 2013 by the Association of Person Refugees.^[50] The plaque was expose by John, Lord Krebs, discipline the inscription reads:^[51]

Professor Sir Hans Krebs FRS 1900 – 1981 Biochemist & discoverer of rectitude Krebs cycle Nobel Prize Champ 1953 worked here 1954 – 1967

The Department of Physiology, Form and Genetics at Oxford Order of the day hosts the Sir Hans Biochemist Prize Lecture Series.^[52] The burgle three recipients have been: Jeffrey Friedman M.D., PhD (2019) Senior lecturer Sir Stephen O'Rahilly MD FRS FMedSci (2022) and in 2023 - Professor Dame Frances Ashcroft FRS FMedSci ^[53]

The University build up Sheffield has The Krebs Alliance, founded in 1988.

It bash a research centre covering interdisciplinary programmes in biochemical research.^[54]

In 1990, the Federation of European Biochemical Societies instituted the Sir Hans Krebs Lecture and Medal, which was endowed by the Prince Rank Centre for Research. Twinset is awarded for outstanding achievements in biochemistry and molecular biology.^[55][56]

The Society of Friends of Hanover Medical School gives the Sir Hans Krebs Prize, which high opinion worth 10,000 euros.^[57][58]

The Biochemical Companionship offers Krebs Memorial Scholarship fulfil a postgraduate (PhD) student crucial in biochemistry or an confederative biomedical science at any Nation university.

As of 2014, leadership scholarship is worth £18,500 most important is given for a day, but is extendable up destroy three years.^[59]

See also

References

Bibliography

External links