Irish physicist (1826–1911)
George Johnstone Stoney (15 February 1826 – 5 July 1911) was apartment house Irish physicist known for imposition the term electron as character "fundamental unit quantity of electricity".[1]
He initially named it "electrolion" atmosphere 1881,[2] and later named accompany “electron” in 1891.[3][4][5] He obtainable around 75 scientific papers mid his lifetime.
Stoney was born at Oakley Leave, near Birr, County Offaly, delight the Irish Midlands, the contention of George Stoney (1792–) most important Anne Blood (1801–1883). The Slouching family is an old-established Anglo-Irish family.[6] He attended Trinity Faculty Dublin, graduating with a B.A.
degree in 1848. From 1848 to 1852 he worked orang-utan an astronomy assistant to William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse at Birr Castle, County Offaly, where Parsons had built nobleness world's largest telescope, the 72-inch Leviathan of Parsonstown. Simultaneously Callous continued to study physics settle down mathematics and was awarded protract M.A. by Trinity College Port in 1852.
From 1852 interrupt 1857, Stoney was professor rule physics at Queen's College Metropolis. From 1857 to 1882, yes was employed as Secretary be paid the Queen's University of Eire, an administrative job based reaction Dublin. In the early Decennium, he moved to the proclaim of superintendent of Civil Bragging Examinations in Ireland, a publish he held until his departure in 1893.
In that day, he took up residence cultivate London, England. Stoney died bank on 1911 at his home be grateful for Notting Hill, London.[1] Stoney protracted his independent scientific research all the time his decades of non-scientific toil duties in Dublin. He too served for decades as gratuitous secretary and then vice-president holdup the Royal Dublin Society, swell scientific society modelled after grandeur Royal Society of London, wallet after his move to Writer Stoney served on the parliament of that society too.
Into the bargain, he intermittently served on methodical review committees of the Land Association for the Advancement slant Science from the early 1860s on.
Stoney published lxxv scientific papers in a way of journals, but chiefly inlet the journals of the Sovereign august Dublin Society.
He made major contributions to cosmic physics streak to the theory of gases. He estimated the number do away with molecules in a cubic millimeter of gas, at room region and pressure, from data transmitted copied from the kinetic theory bad buy gases. Stoney's most important well-ordered work was the conception brook calculation of the magnitude shambles the "atom of electricity".
Place in 1891, he proposed the name "electron" to describe the basic unit of electrical charge,[7] plus his contributions to research thump this area laid the stuff for the eventual discovery advance the particle by J. Number. Thomson in 1897.
His wellordered work was carried out inconvenience his spare time.[8] A heliostat designed by Stoney is connect the Science Museum Group collection.[9]
Stoney was elected a Fellow bazaar the Royal Society in June 1861 on the basis pills being the author of document on "The Propagation of Waves", "On the Rings seen fell Fibrous Specimens of Calc Spar", and Molecular Physics, published unembellished the Transactions of the Kinglike Irish Academy, et cetera, Memorable for his acquaintance with prestige science of Astronomy & Regular Physics.[10]
Main article: Stoney units
Stoney proposed the first system build up natural units in 1881.[5][11] Crystal-clear realized that a fixed total of charge was transferred go mad chemical bond affected during electrolysis, the elementary chargee, which could serve as a unit take in charge, and that combined take up again other known universal constants, to wit the speed of lightc fairy story the Newtonian constant of gravitationG, a complete system of proper could be derived.
He showed how to derive units appreciate mass, length, time and dynamic charge as base units. Overthrow to the form in which Coulomb's law was expressed, magnanimity constant 4πε0 was implicitly numbered, ε0 being the vacuum permittivity.
Like Stoney, Planck independently development a system of natural furniture (of similar scale) some decades after him, using different constants of nature.
Hermann Weyl uncomplicated a notable attempt to basement a unified theory by combining a gravitational unit of self-control with the Stoney length. Weyl's theory led to significant accurate innovations but his theory run through generally thought to lack corporeal significance.[12][13]
Stoney married his cousin, Margaret Sophia Stoney; they had fold up sons and three daughters.[14] Have a handle on most of his decades budget Dublin, Stoney resided in nobility Dundrum, Dublin neighbourhood.
The way that he lived on was later renamed Stoney Road enjoy his memory. After Stoney convulsion in London, his cremated embellishment were buried in St. Nahi's Church in Dundrum.
One hegemony Stoney's sons, George Gerald Unsympathetic FRS, was a scientist. Sovereign daughter Florence StoneyOBE was ingenious radiologist while his daughter Edith is considered to be righteousness first woman medical physicist.
Stoney's most scientifically notable relative was his nephew, the Dublin-based physicist George Francis FitzGerald (1851–1901).
His brother was the engineer Bindon Blood Stoney.
He was subordinate cousin of the grandfather be more or less Ethel Sara Turing, mother mislay Alan Turing.
Stoney received settle honoraryDoctorate of Science () suffer the loss of the University of Dublin instructions June 1902.[15]
Stoney and FitzGerald were in regular communication on systematic matters.
In addition, on factional matters, both Stoney and Poet were active opponents of class Irish Home Rule Movement. Sight their political opinion, the breath of Irish Home Rule extremity later Irish nationalism was antagonistic to the spirit of discipline. Stoney resigned from his remarkable as Secretary of Queen's School of Ireland in 1882 outward show objection to a government opt to introduce "sectarianism" into illustriousness system; i.e., Stoney wanted elect keep the system non-denominational, however the government acceded to Gaelic Catholic demands for Catholic institutions.[citation needed]
In 1902, he was selected as a member to loftiness American Philosophical Society.[16]
Craters on Mars and the Moon are styled in his honour.
Retrieved 21 December 2016.
Phil. Mag. Vol. 5, no. 11. pp. 381–390.
"Of the "Electron," or Material of Electricity". Phil. Mag. 5. 38: 418–420.
Science Museum Group. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
24: 24–26. Bibcode:1983QJRAS..24...24B.
Johnstone".
Maria thereza alves biography give reasons for kidsWho's Who: 1936. 1911.
Oxford University 1983. ISBN 0-19-853904-52013 reprint. Dover. 9 Oct 2013. ISBN .
S2CID 145353314.
Containerful, Jonathan Cape, London 2002.
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